Deep Time · Proxy Records · Climate Dynamics
Earth's climate has a 4.5-billion-year history. Understanding it is one of the most important scientific endeavours of our time.
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From the Faint Young Sun paradox of the Archean to the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth's climate has swung between extremes that dwarf anything in recorded human history. A guided tour through the most dramatic episodes in our planet's 4.5-billion-year climate story.
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Drilled from the ancient ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, ice cores are nature's own climate archive — trapping bubbles of ancient atmosphere going back 800,000 years.
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Around 700 million years ago, Earth may have frozen almost entirely from pole to equator. How did life survive? And what finally broke the ice?
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A sudden cooling 8,200 years ago — triggered by a catastrophic outburst of glacial meltwater — shows just how quickly Earth's climate can shift within decades.
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Fifty million years ago, Earth was a hothouse world with no polar ice caps and crocodiles in the Arctic. Its lessons for our high-CO₂ future are urgently relevant.
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